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Internationally operating apparel retailers are expanding throughout Europe (Noordhoff et al, 2004; Seock and Lin, 2011). To be able to cope with the fierce competition in the apparel retail industry, many retailers have implemented loyalty cards in order to keep current customers. Several retailers have opted for a global marketing strategy which includes implementing loyalty cards with the same features in several countries (e.g. Hunkemöller, Promod, Esprit). This research is a comparative analysis of young adults, aged between 18 and 30, from a Northern European country (Germany) and a Southern European country (Spain). The objective is to determine if there are significant differences in attitudinal and behavioural patterns, as well as in preferences regarding the features of loyalty cards in the consumers of the two countries, to find potential success factors for retailers.
In the first place, international apparel retailers have to decide which marketing approach they intend to follow. This may be either a standardised, etic marketing approach, which aims to have one overall marketing strategy for all countries, or a non-standardised, emic marketing approach, which aims to adapt the marketing strategy in every country to the local culture (Trommsdorff, 2009; Solomon et al, 2002). Research of consumer behaviour has shown that consumers are influenced by external stimuli (political, economic, social, technological) and consumer characteristics (cultural, social, personal) (Foscht and Swoboda, 2005; Kotler et al, 2009). Marketers have to be aware of these external influences in order to develop marketing strategies that appeal to the target market(s). By making use of the right marketing instruments, customer satisfaction and loyalty and, subsequently, long-term profitability can be established (Seock and Lin, 2011). Loyal customers have been shown to be more profitable to the company than continuously acquired new customers (Reichheld and Teal, 2001). In the literature, the distinction between attitudinal and behavioural loyalty is widely spread, and it will also be upheld in this research. One instrument often used in relationship marketing is the promotional tool of loyalty cards (Aßmann et al, 2008). There are different forms of loyalty cards, which differ in loyalty card type, in loyalty card functions and in target groups (Steffens, 2010). The image and efficacy of loyalty cards are highly controversial in the literature.
Recent research has shown, however, that loyalty card possession may have an influence on behavioural and attitudinal store loyalty (Seock and Lin, 2011). In order to reach the research objective, an online survey was conducted providing a suitable basis for a comparative analysis between Germany and Spain. The findings of this survey revealed significant differences across the two countries in attitudes towards loyalty cards, preferences regarding promotional techniques and bonus systems, and in levels of attitudinal store loyalty. Unfortunately, the outcome did not provide any significant differences in behaviour in relation to loyalty cards and behavioural store loyalty. The paper recommends undertaking local adaptations on the basis of the findings of the target population when advertising and deciding about the features of loyalty cards. Furthermore, it would be advisable to undertake more profound and representative research of the whole target population.

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Sarah-Mailin Janotta, M.Sc International Business, was born in Münster in 1985.
During her internationally oriented studies - which she completed in, among others, Spain, England, Belgium and the Netherlands - she often encountered and dealt with cultural differences in communication, behaviour and attitudes.
The author s fascination with "cultural differences" and her extensive practical experience in the field of marketing motivated her to conduct this study of the use of loyalty cards in the apparel retail industry of two European countries.

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