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Horizontal inequalities are root causes of violent conflict in Africa. Yet, people take actions not because of statistical data on inequalities, of which they might not be aware, but because of injustices they perceive. This volume analyses the results of original surveys with over 3,000 respondents in African cities and towns, exposing clear discrepancies between objective inequalities and people´s subjective perceptions. The contributors examine experiences in country pairs and probe into the reasons why neighbouring countries, sharing common historical traits, sometimes took contrasting pathways of peace and violent conflict. Combining quantitative analysis and qualitative anatomy of historical experiences of conflict and reconciliation in Rwanda, Burundi, Ghana, Côte d´Ivoire, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya and Nigeria, the study brings forward a set of policy recommendations for development practitioners. This work further addresses the issue of institutional choice and reveals how sustainable power-sharing and decentralisation contribute to political stability in Africa.

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Foreword; Sadako Ogata 1. Introduction: Disentangling the Linkages between Horizontal Inequalities and Political Institutions; Sakiko Fukuda-Parr, Arnim Langer and Yoichi Mine 2. Comparing Political Institutions: Institutional Choice and Conflict Prevention in Africa; Yoichi Mine, Mari Katayanagi and Satoru Mikami 3. ´Twin Countries´ with Contrasting Institutions: Post-Conflict State-Building in Rwanda and Burundi; Shinichi Takeuchi 4. Horizontal Inequalities, Ethnic Politics, and Violent Conflict: The Contrasting Experiences of Ghana and Cote d´Ivoire; Arnim Langer 5. Beyond Ad hoc Power-Sharing: Comparing South Africa and Zimbabwe; Yoichi Mine 6. Is Ethnic Autonomy Compatible with a Unitary State? The Case of Uganda and Tanzania; Yuichi Sasaoka and Julius E. Nyang´oro 7. The Politics of Identity, Horizontal Inequalities, and Conflict in Kenya; Mwangi S. Kimenyi 8. Managing Horizontal Inequalities and Violent Conflicts in Nigeria; Ukoha Ukiwo 9. The Relationship between Objective and Subjective Horizontal Inequalities: Evidence from Five African Countries; Arnim Langer and Satoru Mikami 10. Findings and Implications: The Role of Development Cooperation; Frances Stewart, Thandika Mkandawire and Mari Katayanagi

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Sakiko Fukuda-Parr, The New School, USA Mari Katayanagi, JICA Research Institute, Japan Mwangi S. Kimenyi,The Brookings Institution, USA Arnim Langer, University of Leuven, Belgium Satoru Mikami, JICA Research Institute, Japan Yoichi Mine, Doshisha University, Japan Thandika Mkandawire, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK Julius E. Nyang´oro, University of North Carolina, USA Yuichi Sasaoka, Meiji University, Japan Frances Stewart, University of Oxford, UK Shinichi Takeuchi, Institute of Developing Economies, Japan Ukoha Ukiwo, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria

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