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Serious congenital malformations are a major contributor to infant death rate worldwide. The cause of many however is still unknown. The wide range of these causes makes the defects of interest to those in a wide range of medical and investigatory backgrounds.

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Serious congenital malformations are a major contributor to the infant death rate worldwide. Their nonhereditary causes are multiple and complex, and include infectious and metabolic dangers, disease medication, nutritional inadequacy, medicinal products, environmental agents and pollutants, among them. The cause of many however is still unknown.

The wide range of these causes makes the defects of interest to those of a wide range of medical and investigatory backgrounds, especialy clinicians, fundamental scientists, and environmentalists.

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INTRODUCTORY MATTERS
Definition
Classification
Frequency

PIONEERING STUDIES
X-irradiation
Rubella
Other infectious diseases
Intrauterine infection in animals

PIONEERING WORKS
Vitamin deficiency
Hale and vitamin A deficiency
Warkany and riboflavin deficiency

EARLY EXPERIMENTS
Vitamin A and diaphragmatic hernia
Trypan blue
Hypoxia
Cortisone studies and by-products
Vitamin antimetabolites

NEW CHALLENGES

THALIDOMIDE

TESTING FOR TERATOGENICITY

TERATOLOGICAL DETOURS
Bendectin
Blighted potatoes
Female sex hormones
Diethylstilbestrol

SURVEILLANCE OF CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS

HUMAN DISEASE AS TERATOGEN
Phenylketonuria
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
Fever

ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS AND DISASTERS
Iodine deficiency
Organic mercury
Agent Orange
Seveso
Sellafield
Chernobyl
Polychlorinated biphenyls
Love Canal: a study in political teratology

DISEASE MEDICATION AND TERATOGENESIS
Retinoids
Synthetic retinoids
Antiepileptic drugs
Lithium

FOLIC ACID AND HUMAN MALFORMATIONS

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION DURING PREGNANCY

THE ACCOMPLISHMENT AND THE EXPECTATION

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