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This study gives priority to the jurists´ intellectual operations throughout the Muslim world, covering the historical development of Islamic jurisprudence from the middle of 4th century. The book relies on Arabic primary sources to give an impartial presentation of the jurists and produce an accurate memory of the past using objective knowledge.

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Introduction: The Fourth Period: Application and the Era of the Mujtahids

1. The Period of Ta?b?q (application): The Era of Mujtahids of Legal Questions
2. Jurists Inclined to Taql?d (tradition) and the Closure of the Gate of Ijtih?d
3. The Codification (Tadw?n) Movement and the Period of Application (Ta?b?q)

Concluding Remarks

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Labeeb Ahmed Bsoul is Associate Professor at Khalifa University, United Arab Emirates. He received his PhD from McGill University, Canada, in Middle East and Islamic Studies. His areas of interest and expertise include modern and contemporary history of the Middle East, international relations, orientalism, and Middle East and Islamic studies. He has published numerous articles and is author of International Treaties (Mu´ahadat) in Islam.

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