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This book is dedicated to my wife Doreen Mweene Musengule and my daughter Bupe Mweene. And great thanks goes to my friends; Chileshe Mulenga, Edward Sikweya, Dr. Jason Mwanza, Dr. Richard Silumbe, Adams Siapema, Mathan Thangaraj, and my Brother Joseph Mponda and the wife Mary Mponda Banda. I also extend this opportunities to congratulate my Daddy Godfrey Mweeene to have a scholar in the family , and not forgetting my sisters; Gladys, Mildred and Brendah. What exactly is ´knowledge´? What makes certain kinds of knowledge scientific compared to other kinds of knowledge? The predominant understanding of the concept of ´science´ has for a long time been the notion of an activity steadily accumulating general and objective knowledge of its object, that is existence and reality, by means of systematic and neutral empirical observations.

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The author places particular emphasis on the formulation of research philosophies and selection of appropriate research strategies ( logic of inquiry) to answer them. He argues that other design decisions, such as the selections of sources and methods of data collection and analysis, must be made in the light of the particular assumptions.

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