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Port Business is essential reading for all those with an interest in trade and transportation and the role of ports in the global supply chain. It discusses the various types of ports in existence, identifies the major ports per category, analyzes what the key business drivers are, describes their governance, how they are managed, which trends influence them, and what kind of impact they have on supply chains. Dr. Jürgen Sorgenfrei uses his significant consulting and project development experience within the international ports, shipping, rail & logistics sector, and in global economics, trade, analytics, and forecasting as well as in intermodal hinterland transport to provide this comprehensive overview of port management. The book is a combination of a strong background in principles and practical knowledge and is an indispensable resource for those interested in maritime economics. .

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Part 1: Development of Ports 1

Chapter 1: History of Ports: The Ten Aims of a Port 3

1.1 Ancient Egypt 3

1.2 Roman Empire 7

1.3 Constantinople 12

1.4 Venice and the Mediterranean Merchant Trade 15

1.5 Imperial China: Early Ming Dynasty 16

1.6 Hanseatic League 20

1.7 Historical Drivers of Port Development 28

Chapter 2: Driver of Port Business 31

2.1 Economic Drivers 33

2.2 Political Drivers 35

2.3 Logistical Drivers 38

2.4 Technical Drivers 40

2.5 Financial Drivers 44

2.6 The "Port Model" 45

2.7 Impact on "Port Master Planning" Process 49

Chapter 3: Major Commercial Ports 51

3.1 Classification of Ports 51

3.2 Container Ports 56

3.3 General Cargo Ports 61

3.4 Liquid Bulk Ports 65

3.5 Dry Bulk Ports 67

3.6 RoRo Ports 68

3.7 Ferry Ports 72

3.8 Passenger Ports 73

3.9 Cruise Ports 75

Part 2: Ports in Maritime Supply Chain 79

Chapter 4: The Role of Ports in Supply Chains 81

4.1 Definition "Ports" 81

4.2 Port Functions 83

4.3 Port Customer Groups 84

4.4 Port Cluster 86

4.5 "Port" Terms in Common Use 87

Port versus Terminal 87

Container Port 89

General Cargo Port 90

Bulk Port 90

RoRo Port 90

Ferry Port 90

Passenger Port 91

Cruise Port 91

Universal Port 91

Dedicated Port/Terminal 91

Main Port 93

Major Port 93

Minor Port 94

Hub Port + Feeder Port 94

Gateway Port 96

Way Port/Zero-Deviation Port 97

Transhipment Port + Transit Port 97

Regional Port 100

Sea Port 101

Deep Water Port 101

River Port 102

Inland Port 103

Dry Port 103

Free Port 103

State Port/Service Port/Public Port 104

Autonomous Port 104

Tool Port 104

Landlord Port 104

Private Port 105

Industrial Port/Factory Port 105

Home Port (Cruise) 105

Commercial Port/Noncommercial Port 106

Statistical Port 106

Big Port 106

Chapter 5: Trade & Transportation 107

5.1 Macroeconomic Relations 107


5.2 Drivers of Global Trade 116

Political Alliances and Free Trade Agreements 116

Deregulation and Privatization of Public Services 117

Distribution of Natural Resources 118

Globalization of Sourcing and Production 119

Spreading Out of Buyer Markets 120

Environmental Awareness 121

Innovations 122

Integrated Supply Chain Logistics 122

5.3 Antitrade Movements/Protectionism 123

5.4 Transport Value and Affinity 125

5.5 International Commercial Terms 131

Chapter 6: Ports in Transportation Chain 137

6.1 The Role of Ports in Supply Chain 137

6.2 Port Hinterland 143

Loco-Potential 147

6.3 Ports and Shipping Networks 148

Shipping Networks 148

Port Networks 154

6.4 Port Costs in Transportation Chains 161

Chapter 7: Cargoes 165

7.1 Port Cargo Categories 168

Liquid Bulk 171

Dry Bulk 173

General Cargo, Break Bulk, Heavy Lift, Oversized 174

Container 177

RoRo Cargo 179

All Cargoes 180

7.2 Cargo Measurement 183

Linear Measure or Unit of Length: Two-Dimensional 184

Solid Measure or Cubic Measure: Three-Dimensional 185

Weight Measure/Ton Deinitions 185

Billing Systems: Weight + Volume 187

Arabesque: Additional "Ton" Definitions 189

Unit Measure 191

Twenty-Foot Equivalent Unit (TEU) 191

Intermodal Transport Unit (ITU) 193

Flat or Flat Rack 193

RoRo Unit or RoRo Flat 193

Car Equivalent Unit (CEU) 194

Verified Gross Mass (VGM) 195

7.3 Errors in Port Cargo Measurement 195

Workflow Difficulties 196

Ineffective Enforcement 196

Perception that Weight Is Peripheral 196

Using Different Standards to Measure 197

Statistical Consequences 198

Part 3: Port Management 203

Chapter 8: Frame Conditions 205

8.1 Port Business Environment 205

8.2 Basic Management Concepts 208

8.3 Port Labor Organization 217

8.4 Cultural and Religious Influence 220

Chapter 9: Port Commercialization and Privatization 223

9.1 Background for Port Reform 223

9.2 Commercialization 225

9.

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